Monday, August 5, 2024

Weaving with Goodness - Ulana Me Ka Lokomaika’i

Reporting from Oahu, Hawaii, Patricia Leigh Brown wrote a wonderful article on the resurgence of Hawaiian basketry: In Hawaii, Weaving New Life Into a Nearly Vanished Art Form. The article was published by the New York Times on July 31, 2024.  The subheading reads "

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/31/arts/design/hawaii-weaving-trees-leaves.html

Woman Weaving Lauhala Weaver. Hawaii: Organization of American States. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/2021669824/>.

Brown reports that the basketry is woven out of the leaves of the pū hala plant (Pandanus tectorius), which is plaited into lauhala mats, containers and other items including hats. Brown's article focuses on the importance of weaving and the Pu‘uhonua Society, "a group dedicated to reviving age-old Hawaiian practices, like weaving..., that were on the verge of vanishing."

For tourists to the Hawaiian Island of Oahu, one place to perhaps see baskets woven, and maybe even weave something yourself, is the Polynesian Cultural Center.  The Center is divided into areas celebrating various Polynesian Islands. In the Hawaiian Village, sometimes the art of lauhala weaving is featured. My family and I visited in 2016, and watched a basket being woven from coconut palm fronds in the Center's Samoan Village. The artist gave the fresh green basket to someone in the crowd.

Later in the day, we met up with the recipient of the basket, and I admired it.  She said she didn't know how she would get it on the plane, would I like to have it?  You bet! I traded our shell leis for it, and I had no problems making that my carry-on on my flight home. 

Above are two photos of the same basket, one on the day it was made (12/31/15) and today (8/5/2024).  In the book Baskets in Polynesia by Wendy Arbeit (1990, page 6), this type of basket is identified as a single-strip, 2-braid coconut frond basket, and it is noted that "nearly identical baskets are made throughout most of Polynesia."

Two basketry fish can be seen dangling over the edge of today's photo of the basket, which has dried and mellowed to a soft greyish color.  My husband and I each made one fish in a hands-on weaving class at the Center. We enjoyed this immensely.







Saturday, June 22, 2024

Request for a List of the Best Basket Museums

Yesterday I got called out from the Montana Dinosaur Center – what are the 5 best basket museums? Someone had asked for my expert opinion. How did that come about? 

Backstory: A couple of weeks ago, I was in Montana. Between Great Falls and the eastern entrance to Glacier National Park, along Hwy 89, sits the small enclave of Bynum. If you drive by, you’ll see the statue of Rusty the Daspletosaurus outside of the museum, which shares its parking lot with the Trex Agate Shop, packed with rock and fossil treasures. But – don’t drive by. This is definitely worth the stop! 

The Montana Dinosaur Center’s significance is mighty. They display North America’s first dinosaur eggs ever discovered, and the first nesting baby dinosaurs that were ever found. Plus Seismosaurus, the longest life-size dinosaur model in the world, gracefully twined through the museum’s exhibition area. https://tmdinosaurcenter.org/

I'm pointing to the rib bone I found.
I was there for two days of digging dinosaurs. It was a really incredible experience. My son dug up hadrosaur vertebrae and a toe bone, I found a piece of rib, others uncovered a tyrannosaur toe and tooth fragment. You might imagine the excitement of being the first humans ever to see and touch these items!

On the ride to the dig site, the paleontologists told us all kinds of information about the rock formations, dinosaur facts, local history, Jurassic Park, you name it.  During the dig, there was a lot of chatting between the paleontologists and the guests. It came out that I knew a thing or two about basketry, thus the shout-out question to me yesterday.


The Best Basket Museums that sprung to mind first are listed here. They are not limited to five. The reasoning behind my list follows.

1) The Southwest Museum of the American Indian, now part of the Autry Museum of the American West, Los Angeles, CA. https://theautry.org/
2) The Abbe Museum, Bar Harbor, Maine. https://www.abbemuseum.org/
3) The Nevada State Museum, Carson City, Nevada. https://www.carsonnvmuseum.org/
4) The Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson. https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/
5) The Heard Museum, Phoenix, Arizona. https://heard.org/
6) The National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. https://americanindian.si.edu/
7) The Burke Museum, Seattle, Washington. https://www.burkemuseum.org/
8) The Museum of Riverside, Riverside, CA. https://www.riversideca.gov/museum/

I told my husband about the request and what I’d replied. He immediately added these two, and I whole-heartedly agreed:

9) Museum of Anthropology, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada https://moa.ubc.ca/
10)  The Hoopa Tribal Museum, Hoopa Valley Tribe, Hoopa, CA. https://www.hoopa-nsn.gov/departments/1490-2/museum/

Now, for the reasons of why I came up with this particular list. It should be noted that there is a difference between the Best Basket Museums with baskets on display, and best basket collections in museum storage. One can hope that the baskets will continue to rotate on and off display at all of these institutions.  
Bryn Potter, Curator of Basketry,
 working in the Southwest  Museum's
 Poole Basketry Storage area.


The Southwest Museum of the American Indian’s collection is the best. Yes I am definitely biased with this one, as I was Curator of Basketry for this collection for many years. Their last purely basketry exhibition was in 2009. The Southwest Museum became part of the Autry Museum, Los Angeles, California, in 2004. The Autry doesn’t have much basketry on display currently. 


The Abbe Museum has a lovely setting for Eastern baskets, one building is within Acadia National Park. Years ago I was fortunate to be able to attend the Abbe’s Native Arts Market, where I met a number of excellent basketweavers who not only had baskets for sale, but had baskets exhibited in the museum. The museum has two campuses. As of this writing (6/22/2024), the Sieur de Monts Spring in Acadia National Park building is closed for maintenance.

The Nevada State Museum has extremely well done exhibitions produced with Indigenous input. Displays include outstanding ancient basketry. The museum has fossils too. 

The Arizona State Museum currently has a fine basket exhibit up through the end of July 2024, in conjunction with Diane Dittemore’s new publication Woven From the Center: Native Basketry in the Southwest. From their website: “ASM’s existing collection—designated an American Treasure and given the moniker ‘Woven Wonders’ in 2006 as the world’s largest, most comprehensive, and best documented assemblage of American Indian basketry.” This claim takes into account the copious amount of ancient basketry fragments in the collection. Alas, they too will be closing for renovations later this summer, so check the dates if you plan to visit.

The Heard Museum has excellent exhibits about Indigenous people in Arizona, each section contains examples of basketry. They have a current exhibition about the Basha Family Baskets.

The National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian, includes baskets in many of its exhibits, plus a good number of them in their educational open storage display.

The Burke Museum. I was there in 1990 to see the exhibition A Time of Gathering: Native Heritage in Washington State and remember being awed by the basketry. They also have a very good collections online database. I am way overdue for another visit.

The Museum of Riverside celebrates 100 years in 2024. Formerly called the Riverside Municipal Museum and Riverside Metropolitan Museum, it started life as the Cornelius Earle Rumsey Indian Collection.  It’s currently closed for renovations. This is among the best documented collections, as Dr. Christopher Moser, Riverside’s late, great curator, published four books on their California baskets.  Again, I am biased with this one as I worked with Chris, and later curated many exhibitions there as a museum consultant.

The Museum of Anthropology, UBC. This is a treasure trove of basketry, a real treat for the eye and the mind. They might have the most baskets on display as they have open storage and hundreds of baskets are visible.

The Hoopa Tribal Museum has a unique and very special mission. According to their website: “The Hoopa Tribal Museum is a ‘Living Museum,’ in that most of the  artifacts and items of cultural patrimony are still actively being used by members of the tribe for tribal ceremonies and functions.  The exhibitions are not just for public display.  They are still being used for their original intended purposes in an active culture.  The museum is unique in the world because  this is their core premise and function.  The museum is for the Hupa people and not just about them.  More than half of the artifacts are owned by local Hupa families on the Reservation the rest belonging to the Hoopa Valley Tribe as a whole.”  In other words, if there is a ceremony coming up, family members can retrieve regalia from the museum and use it in the ceremony. What a fabulous model for Indigenous ownership, use, and preservation.


I did not include other large museums which have hordes of baskets, simply because I have not been there to see them for myself. This includes the Field Museum in Chicago. New York City’s American Museum of Natural History has a great collection, but I’ve never been in their collection storage. Their South American Gallery has interesting items, but when I visited a few years ago, their North American Gallery was dusty, sad, and in need of renovation. With the new NAGPRA guidelines for exhibition of Indigenous items, this is sure to be updated. [Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. Feb 9, 2024 Some notable changes include: Requiring museums and federal agencies to obtain free, prior, and informed consent from lineal descendants, Tribes, or NHOs before allowing any exhibition of, access to, or research on human remains or cultural items. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nagpra/index.htm ]

There are significant collections belonging to California tribes that have small exhibition areas, notably: Barona Band of Mission Indians, Morongo Band of Mission Indians, Pechanga Band of Indians, Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians. The Santa Ynez Chumash Museum and Cultural Center is planning their grand opening in 2024.

Other collections of note include: Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art; Phoebe Apperson Hearst Collection at University of California, Berkeley; Plains Indian Museum at Buffalo Bill Center of the West; The Grace Hudson Museum and Sun House. Plus there are Native American baskets in European collections in Berlin, Copenhagen, Madrid, St. Petersburg, and more. And the list goes on!

“Best Of” lists like this are tough for me to make. Some museums – private, public, and tribal - have fabulous collections that are not on display due to lack of space or temporary closures. Do you have a favorite?  I’m always looking for recommendations for future basket-seeking excursions!

Thursday, March 7, 2024

Surprises in San Diego: Baskets in Balboa Park Part 2

The San Diego Natural History Museum is celebrating its 150th birthday this year. Rebranded as The NAT, it is the eastern cornerstone of Balboa Park's museum row. I have to mention here the fabulous fossil exhibit, with dinosaurs, as I was accompanied on my visit by a paleontologist eager to check it out. The NAT is a vibrant place humming with activity. And baskets, as I was delighted to find.

Specifically, there is one very well designed and functional exhibit case which tells a story that I've been telling for years. The epitome of human and habitat interaction. Basically, "the environment determines the type of plants that grow in a region. Basketweavers have an intimate awareness of their environment. They know which plants they need and when, where, and how they should be gathered and prepared." The materials, whether they be slender fern fronds, strong roots, or stout willow branches, help to govern the techniques used in local basketry, and the types of baskets that are woven.  (Source: Reflections of Culture: Basketry from the Southwest Museum by Bryn Barabas Potter, 2000, Southwest Museum, Los Angeles CA.)

The NAT's very educational exhibit case proudly displays a basket tray. This basket was woven by Marisol Torres Carrillo of the Kumeyaay Nation, and it definitely exemplifies the mix of human and habitat. The designs encompass the fauna of the region - rattlesnake, bat, spider, eagle, scorpion, butterflies and moths. It is a coiled basket, with stitches of juncus and an interior bundle of deergrass. It is beautifully woven. Juncus is a reed, it provides the golden color in the background and the darker orange color in the design. The black is dyed juncus. This basket melds juncus and deergrass from the land with images of the local wildlife, expertly formed by human hands.

I am also impressed with the well-constructed display case itself. 

The basket is on top, with text labels,and a bunch of juncus.  The case has a few pull-out drawers which share more information about the region's basketry, including finely preserved herbarium specimens.


If you find yourself in San Diego, I highly recommend taking the time to investigate this informative  and compact display, as I've only shown you one of the three drawers!




Surprises in San Diego: Baskets in Balboa Park Part 1


The Mingei and other museums in Balboa Park.
All photos by Bryn Potter.
Balboa Park is a wonderful cluster of museums in beautiful downtown San Diego, California. I was fortunate to visit on a sunny weekend in late January this year. My usual go-to place for Native American Basketry is the Museum of Us. To see some of their baskets, consult the excellent book Fiber and Forms: Native American Basketry of the West by my friend and retired curator Ken Hedges.1997, Kiva Publishing.

What brought me to Balboa Park this time was the Mingei International Museum's exhibit Over/Under: Woven Craft at Mingei. It was a fun bevy of all types of basketry and woven items from around the world. mingei.org


Bubu, fish traps made of bamboo, wood and rattan.
Luzon province, Philippines, early 20th century.

I've chosen a few of the many interesting baskets shown by the Mingei, see the photo captions for identification.

Indigenous America was represented by a lidded basket of rivercane and dye which was attributed to Rowena Bradley (1922 - 2003), a well known Eastern Band Cherokee weaver. The creator of a fanciful saddled horse from Mexico, twined of chuspata (cattail), was not identified, although animal weavings like this one can be found in Michoacan.  Two glass baskets were included from the Northwest Coast, a bright and fascinating addition to this exhibit which was, of course, dominated by baskets woven from plant fibers. 

Attributed to Rowena
Bradley, Eastern Band
Cherokee, mid 20th century

Chuspata horse from Mexico,
possibly Michoacan, 20th century


Sky Blue Tlingit Glass Basket with 
Orange Lip by Preston Singletary,
Tlingit, blown and sandblasted
glass, 2019

Citron Sweetgrass Glass Basket
with Turquoise Lip by Dan Friday,
Lummi, woven cane mosaic
glass, 2020

A large storage basket coiled of palm
fiber, Botswana, 20th century.





West Africa, 20th century, fiber.

Hopi New Year 2024

Huge "Hopi baskets" splashed throughout the homes of millions of television viewers on January 1, 2024. Along with colorful butterflies and cacti, the baskets made their way down Colorado Boulevard on a float in the Rose Parade, Pasadena's 135th celebration of community and flowers. This float's crowning achievement is the Hopi woman figure, resplendent in her face paint, turquoise jewelry, and tableta headdress. Typically a wooden-framed structure decorated with paint and feathers, this tableta was made of "cranberry seed, dehydrated red pepper, carrots and black beans," with details in white everlasting flowers and purple, yellow and blue statice. (Source: Pasadena's Rose Magazine, Southern California News Group, 2024.) 

She is magnificent. This float won the Rose Parade's Judges Award for most outstanding float design and dramatic impact.

The float, titled Woven Together: The Dance of Life, is from OneLegacy Donate Life. It commemorates donors of eyes, organs, and tissues by recreating their portrait images in floragraphs. The multi-colored floragraphs, made of flowers and other plant parts, are each about 12" x 16" in size.  https://www.onelegacy.org/

(Parade photos taken from the tv screen by Bryn Potter 1-1-24.)


Together with the organ donors, the float celebrates the Hopi people. According to the tribal website, "the Hopi Tribe is a sovereign nation located in northeastern Arizona. The reservation occupies part of Coconino and Navajo counties, encompasses more than 1.5 million acres, and is made up of 12 villages on three mesas."  https://www.hopi-nsn.gov/

On the Hopi Reservation, the villages on the three mesas are active communities today, yet they date to ancient times. Second Mesa is the home of coiled basketry. Coiled baskets are the type that are recreated on the parade float. In 2005, I curated the exhibit Hopi: People of the Mesas at the Museum of Riverside. Here is the brief label text I wrote on Hopi coiled basketry:

   "Baskets have many functions in traditional Hopi life. In addition to their use in food preparation and serving, baskets often have ceremonial roles. Some are made for ritual use, they can be part of traditional gift exchanges and weddings, and they are carried in basket dances performed by women's societies. Today, the Hopi people still weave and use baskets.

 

Detail, Hopi coiled basket.
Photo: Bryn Potter.

The baskets by the Hopi at Second Mesa are made using the coiled technique. Split yucca leaf is sewn around a central foundation made of a bundle of gallenta grass. This type of basket looks like a thick coil spiraling outward from the center." 

The yucca leaf appears in its natural yellowish color and forms the background for the baskets in these photos.The yucca leaf can also be dyed to create the vibrant red, black, and other colors seen here. 

Hopi Basket Weaving: Artistry in Natural Fibers by Helga Teiwes, 1996, the University of Arizona Press, is a wonderful source book for those seeking more information on Hopi basketry.


Hopi olla, circa 1920-1940, National Museum of
the American Indian, Smithsonian, catalog #26/1890.










Back to the float. The coil can be seen as the horizontal lines on the baskets. The float's bowl, tray, and olla (jar) shapes convey the appearance of baskets, at least as seen from my tv screen, from which I snapped the Rose Parade photos above. The designs are typical of many Hopi baskets, and inclusion of the floragraphs are innovative, both touching and very personal.


Hopi bowl, circa 1950, National Museum of the
American Indian, Smithsonian, catalog #25/5175





I was surprised and pleased to see this amazing float on New Year's Day. 

May it bode well that 2024 be another fine year for basketry.





Friday, June 23, 2023

Kagome Baskets

Plaited basketry runs the gamut from simple over/under weaves to elaborate patterns. Kagome, a type of Japanese basketry, is made by using a traditional weave which has been embraced by the scientific community. Three weaving elements form an openwork trihexagonal pattern of holes which roughly looks like a six-pointed star. Kagome - The History of a Pattern by Paul Stephenson describes the weave as  having "strands run in 3 directions mutually inclined at 120°," this open weave creates the effect of eyes ('me') in the basket ('kago'). Hence the name for this basketweaving style: 'kagome'" (https://www.polydron.co.uk/blog/kagome-the-history-of-a-pattern.html 23 April 2018).  Simply put, by Wikipedia, "In geometry, the trihexagonal tiling is one of 11 uniform tilings of the Euclidean plane by regular polygons. It consists of equilateral triangles and regular hexagons, arranged so that each hexagon is surrounded by triangles and vice versa." 

Kagome pattern.
source: Wikipedia

 The ancient roots of kagome basketry, usually woven of bamboo, extend throughout Eastern Asia. Japan's earliest baskets (although not kagome) date to around 7800 BC, made by the Jomon people and found at the Higashimyo Site. (https://taimodern.com/japanese-bamboo-art/hjba-the-first-baskets/
Portrait of Woman in Costume
with Burden Basket
, undated, hand-
tinted photograph, artist unidentified. National
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian 
(object number NMNH 4728300)




The kagome weave is illustrated in this photograph titled "Portrait of Woman in Costume with Burden basket," an undated, hand-tinted Japanese photograph from the collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History. 

This weave has been used by other cultures and for other uses, such as for cheese making by the Shakers in the eastern United States.  The openwork basket would have been lined with cheesecloth and used in separating curds. 

"Shaker-style" cheese baskets remain popular items today. Contemporary pieces can easily be found on internet searches and in museum collections. Pictured below, "Cheese Basket," by Alice Ogden, made in 2009 of black ash and white oak splints, is in the collection of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.    
Cheese Basket by Alice Ogden, 2009,
American Art Museum, Smithsonian
(object number 2011.47.48)



 
The strength of the kagome weave has been recognized and extolled in a myriad of papers. I reference four below, and leave it up to you to explore the links between basketry, an ancient technology, and varied international applications of kagome interlaced lattice structures and metal today. 

"BASKETS" by Tibor Tarnai, Dept of Structural Mechanics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics: http://me.bme.hu/sites/default/files/page/Baskets.pdf

"Beyond the Basket Case: A Principled approach to the modelling of kagome weave patterns for the fabrication of interlaced lattice structures using straight strips." By Phil Ayres, Alison Grace Martin, Mateusz Zwierzycki at Advances in Architectural Geometry, Conference, Sweden, Sept 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328043391_Beyond_the_basket_case_A_principled_approach_to_the_modelling_of_kagome_weave_patterns_for_the_fabrication_of_interlaced_lattice_structures_using_straight_strips

"The Electronic Structure of a 'Kagome' Material" by Min Gu Kang, Riccardo Comin, Joe Checkelsky, Linda Ye of MIT. https://als.lbl.gov/the-electronic-structure-of-a-kagome-material/ 

"Quantum Materials: Electron Spin measured for the first time" by Universita di Bologna. https://phys.org/news/2023-06-quantum-materials-electron.html

Thursday, February 16, 2023

Baskets (?) from DNA


Could these be teeny-tiny baskets? My husband Randy pointed out a "tiny rounded object" made of DNA strands in an article by Duke University. These nanoscale structures are from research labs at Duke and Arizona State University.

Described in phys.org and likened to pottery, the objects are made of "threadlike molecules of DNA, bent and folded into complex three-dimensional objects with nanometer precision."  These containers are smaller than two millionth of an inch! Such an unfathomable number, wherein more than 50,000 could fit on a pin head.  Future uses of such containers could include drug delivery systems, medical imaging, or casting molds for solar cells.






Looking at the photographs in the article, the "threadlike molecules," described as "concentric rings of DNA," appear to me to be more like basketry warps and less like pottery vessels. But that's my opinion, and I see baskets everywhere.

                                                                                 I

Images:  Raghu Pradeep Narayanan and Abhay Prasad, Yan lab, Arizona State University.

Read the article here:

Software lets researchers create tiny rounded objects out of DNA. Here's why that's cool